What happens if the world's atmospheric levels of oxygen fall to 19.5% or lower?
The ever serious observations of mine have been known and understood by a given few and fallen on deaf ears to the rest. Every day I see dozens of examples of people having word problems in their speech, math problems, spelling problems, short term memory is getting shorter causing simple task oriented skills to fall and people get orders wrong 70 to 80 percent of the time, etc.
The intensity of these problems is increasing too.
The changes taking place are irrefutable and undeniable facts. The increase of the occurrences of 100+ mph gusts. The upswing of UV intensity from the sun with ALL the major planets experiencing increasing Noctilucent Cloud Formations (Google this: Noctilucent cloud - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) at the Polar Regions. The beginning of land based hurricane like tropical storms in many parts of the world. More strange animal behavior with migrations to farther northern latitudes (and for those being conned into believing the idea of a coming ice age – the animals would be heading SOUTH if that were the case). Some animals are not returning to their normal migration areas and some even getting lost on the way. Vastly increased number of earthquakes with steadily rising magnitudes. Increased volcanic eruptions with ancient ones reviving. Massive and rapid polar and world wide ice melt off. Vast and massive numbers of common birds, fish and insects dead and missing. ….THAT is just part of the stuff you CAN see.
The answers are found in common everyday observations that anyone can make if they are simply pointed out.
I'll explain this for those that are new here.
The simple fact that a high pitched sound can break glass is no mystery yet few people know how Ozone is formed in the atmosphere.
It is known that the Van Allen Belt surrounding the earth protects life on earth from cosmic, gamma, and x-rays. It is claimed that the ozone protects the earth from some UVA, most UVB, and all UVC light from the sun. As high pitched sounds can break glass so does UV light break up molecules of air in the atmosphere.
This is the weak answer you get when you attempt to find answers to how ozone is formed in the atmosphere:
The majority of tropospheric ozone formation occurs when nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as xylene, react in the atmosphere in the presence of sunlight. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone)
I've read hundreds of pages of variations of answers and contradictions regarding UV and the formation of Ozone. As it is stated in any good science book regarding the air we breath as being 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. It is from that mix that Ozone is made. When highly energetic UV light hits the atmosphere it vibrates the molecules of air breaking them apart to form IONS of Oxygen and Nitrogen. Free Oxygen IONS collide with O2 forming trioxygen – O3 - Ozone.
Have fun reading this page: http://www.theozonehole.com/uvrays.htm
MORE TO READ: To protect your eyes Block UltraViolet Light
http://home.att.net/~NCSDCA/SCIENCE/violet.htm
Just a few of the miles of pages on the topic of UV and Ozone…
But wait there is more questions to be answered. NOTE THE WORD IONOSPHERE!!!
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Full Page Here: http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/bright_flash_050218.html
Excerpt: (Key Points Highlighted)
Brightest Galactic Flash Ever Detected Hits Earth
By Robert Roy Britt Senior Science Writer posted: 18 February, 2005 2 p.m. ET
A huge explosion halfway across the galaxy packed so much power it briefly altered Earth's upper atmosphere in December, astronomers said Friday.
'Once-in-a-lifetime'
The Sun is a middle-aged star about 8 light-minutes from us. Its tantrums, though cosmically pitiful compared to the magnetar explosion, routinely squish Earth's protective magnetic field and alter our atmosphere, lighting up the night sky with colorful lights called aurora.
Solar storms also alter the shape of Earth's ionosphere, a region of the atmosphere 50 miles (80 kilometers) up where gas is so thin that electrons can be stripped from atoms and molecules -- they are ionized -- and roam free for short periods. Fluctuations in solar radiation cause the ionosphere to expand and contract.
"The gamma rays hit the ionosphere and created more ionization, briefly expanding the ionosphere," said Neil Gehrels, lead scientist for NASA's gamma-ray watching Swift observatory.
Gehrels said in an email interview that the effect was similar to a solar-induced disruption but that the effect was "much smaller than a big solar flare."
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ALSO:
Full Page Here: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2006JA012226.shtml
(Key Points Highlighted)
AGU.ORG
Read Full Article (file size: 731340 bytes) Cited by
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112, A05310, doi:10.1029/2006JA012226, 2007
Conditions for intense ionospheric storms expanding to lower midlatitudes
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Abstract
For studying conditions of intense ionospheric storms at lower midlatitudes, several storms that occurred in March and April 2001 were compared. In the two largest magnetic disturbances that occurred during this period, the disturbance (Dst) index reached −387 and −271 nT. The two largest ionospheric storms occurred in response to other weaker magnetic disturbances, in which Dst reached −149 and −102 nT. For the largest ionospheric storms on 21 March 2001 and 22 April 2001, a sequence of ionospheric and thermospheric disturbances was analyzed. We found that a nighttime disturbance dynamo plays an important role in expanding ionospheric storms to lower latitudes. When an eastward disturbance dynamo electric field forms after midnight, the ionospheric layer is uplifted, and the ion drag is reduced. The storm-time equatorward surge effectively reaches lower-latitude regions without decaying under the condition of reduced ion drag. The equatorward surge pushes up the ionosphere, in turn, and the ion drags might be further reduced. The large event-to-event variation of ionospheric storms might be partly owing to such a positive feedback process in addition to the well-known local time effect.
Received 17 December 2006; accepted 1 March 2007; published 24 May 2007.
Keywords: ionospheric storm; disturbance dynamo; storm surge.
Index Terms: 2441 Ionosphere: Ionospheric storms (7949); 2437 Ionosphere: Ionospheric dynamics; 2736 Magnetospheric Physics: Magnetosphere/ionosphere interactions (2431); 6929 Radio Science: Ionospheric physics (1240, 2400); 7949 Space Weather: Ionospheric storms (2441).
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Fancy that… A study from 2001 finally published in 2007!!
So, what keeps the Ionosphere IONIZED ALL THE TIME if Solar Storms only happen once in a while?
For more study go here: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-ionosphe.html
Next let's remember Acid Rain which was all the environ-mental rage of the 80's. After much study and published reports it was concluded that Acid Rain WASN'T the cause of forests dying off… IT WAS GROUND LEVEL OZONE!!! WHAT??!!! NO ACID RAIN ANYMORE?!!! Laws passed (Clean Air Act, etc.) and no excess sulfur to make acid rain…HMMM.
MUST READ ARTICLES:
In a recent report titled "Secret "Geo-Engineering" Projects Threaten Unknown Environmental Dangers" (http://www.prisonplanet.com/secret-geo-engineering-projects-threaten-unknown-environmental-dangers.html) we find the governments effort to make public the very thing that has already been in operation. The article sites the idea of putting sulfur back into the atmosphere!!!
http://www.bariumblues.com/chemtrails_phenomena_colin_bennett.htm
http://www.chemtrails911.com/intro_to_chem.htm
What breaks up the Oxygen and Nitrogen to make OZONE??!! UV!!!
So, now let's look at Ozone. OPPPS!! OZONE HOLES!!!! How do we fix it?!!!
The Fix:
The Chemtrail (SHIELD) Operations began heavely in earnest in 1995-96.
In light of that I find this interesting page from 1999!!
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http://flux.aps.org/meetings/YR99/DPP99/abs/S525.html#SKM1.006
EXCERPT With Highlights:
Session KM1 - Mini-Conference on Dusty Plasmas: Inter Dust Grain Interactions in a Plasma Medium, Part II, and Extra Terrestrial Dusty Plasmas.
ORAL session, Wednesday afternoon, November 17 Fifth Avenue, The Westin Seattle
[KM1.01] Experiments with two-dimensional crystallized dusty plasmas
J Goree (Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242)
Two-dimensional crystals can be prepared by making a monolayer suspension of microspheres in a gas discharge. Using 9 \mum spheres in an rf discharge with Kr gas at 0.07 mBar, single-layer crystals were made. The particles were trapped vertically by the sheath electric field and gravity, and radially by a plasma potential with a parabolic profile. Starting with only one microsphere, we added one sphere at a time, and imaged the arrangement of the particles. Unlike hard spheres, which arrange themselves in a triangular lattice, particles in a dusty plasma arrange in concentric rings. A sort of ``periodic table" of small plasma crystals was produced, for 1-19 particles. Using a larger monolayer suspension with 10^4 particles, we discovered ``Mach cones", which are V-shaped disturbances produced by supersonic projectiles. These Mach cones had unexpected features, like a double cone, which we attribute to the inter-particle restoring force in a crystalline state. Our system allows us to study shocks and Mach cones in solids, using in-situ imaging, which is impractical in real solids. The experiments are also ideal for comparison to molecular dynamics simulations, since the particle position and velocity is measured in both cases. MD simulations using Yukawa potentials and a parabolic confining potential produce the same microstructure as in the experiment, and they reveal similar Mach cones as well.
Work was supported by NASA and NSF. Some work was performed at MPE, Garching, Germany.
[KM1.02] Laser manipulation of particles in dusty plasmas
André Melzer, Markus Klindworth, Alexander Piel (Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany)
Dusty plasmas are of high importance and widespread occurrence in technological application as in semiconductor processing or solar cell manufacturing. Dusty plasmas contain trapped macroscopic particles of very high negative charge of the order of 10^4 elementary charges. Generally, these dusty plasmas are not well understood since due to the high charges the dust species is strongly coupled in many cases.
Non-invasive laser manipulation of single dust particles allows to determine quantitatively the crucial parameters of strongly coupled dust systems, like the particle charge, shielding strength, attractive and repulsive interactions and the Coulomb coupling between the particles. The interaction and shielding of the dust particles is studied by laser excitation of waves, oscillations and resonances in Coulomb crystals. Furthermore, single dust particles can form dust molecules from which attractive and repulsive forces between dust grains are directly measured. Finally, the Coulomb coupling in finite particle clusters is investigated by laser-excitation of different eigenmodes.
[KM1.03] The interaction of stationary and moving objects with dusty plasmas
C. O. Thompson, N. D'Angelo, R. L. Merlino, X. Wang, A. Bhattacharjee (University of Iowa)
The interaction of an electrically floating metal object with a dusty plasma formed in a DC discharge was investigated experimentally. Three cases were studied in which (a) the object was at rest in the dusty plasma, or was moved through the dusty plasma with a speed that was either (b) on the order of the dust-acoustic speed or (c) much faster than the dust-acoustic speed. When the object was at rest, a dust-free cavity having a boundary with a sharp dust density gradient was formed around the object. A similar (although dynamic) behavior was observed in the moderate speed case ( case b). In case (c) the dust grains do not have time to respond, and only a narrow channel along the path of the object is observed. The results are compared with a theoretical analysis of the distribution of electrons, ions and negatively charged dust grains around a floating electrode in a dusty plasma. This investigation may provide some insight into the problem of shielding in a dusty plasma.
[KM1.04] Dusty Plasmas in Space
Mihaly Horanyi (LASP and Physics, U.of Colorado)
The study of dusty plasmas is an emerging new field that bridges traditionally separate subjects: celestial mechanics and plasma physics. Dust particles immersed in plasmas and UV radiation collect electrostatic charges and respond to electromagnetic forces in addition to all the other forces acting on uncharged grains. Simultaneously they can alter their plasma environment. Dust particles in plasmas are unusual charge carriers. They are many orders of magnitude heavier then any other plasma particles and they can have many orders of magnitude larger (negative or positive) time dependent charges. Dusty plasmas represent the most general form of space, laboratory and industrial plasmas. Interplanetary space, comets, planetary rings, dusty surfaces in space, aerosols in the atmosphere, are all examples where electrons, ions and dust particles coexist.
I will briefly discuss the most important physical processes, and the status of current space experiments related to dusty plasmas, including Ulysses and Galileo measurements at Jupiter and the plans for the upcoming Cassini observations at Saturn.
[KM1.05] Dusty Plasma Experiments Relating to Mesospheric Aerosols
Scott Robertson, Mihaly Horanyi, Byron Smiley, Zoltan Sternovsky (University of Colorado, Boulder)
Rocket-borne probes in the polar mesosphere have seen charged aerosol layers at the locations of noctilucent clouds. These layers are thought to arise from plasma charging or photoelectric charging of nanometer-sized ice crystals which may have meteor dust as the nucleation center. An experiment has been constructed to examine these charging processes. Ice crystals with 4 to 11 water molecules are generated by a supersonic nozzle and injected into an experimental chamber having energetic electrons, plasma or ultraviolet illumination. A magnetic mass analyzer is used to detect the charged clusters. Initial experiments have examined charging by energetic electrons and experiments on photoelectric and plasma charging are in progress. In a separate study, a new type of electrostatic probe with a magnetic field to prevent electron collection was launched into the ionosphere from White Sands, 2 November 1998, and a positively charged layer 0.5 km thick was observed at 86.5 km. This was probably a sporadic-E layer associated with ionized meteoric material.
[KM1.06] Plasma Irregularity Generation in Expanding Ionospheric Dust Clouds
Wayne Scales, Gyoo-soo Chae (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), Guru Ganguli, Paul Bernhardt, Martin Lampe (Naval Research Laboratory)
Natural and artificial expanding dust clouds occur in the ionosphere in many situations. In recent years, several ionospheric sounding rocket experiments have involved the release of electron attaching agents that produce expanding heavy negative ion clouds. These experiments mimicked the release of dust into a background plasma since electrons are captured to produce electron depletions and heavy negative ion clouds that expand into the background plasma. Consistently, the production of small-scale plasma irregularities was associated with these experiments. Also, recently, radar returns have been observed from the space shuttle exhaust. It has been proposed that the shuttle exhaust produces a dust cloud of ice particles that charges and expands into the background plasma. Associated with the expansion of the dust into the background plasma is the production of plasma irregularities that scatter the radar signal. In general, irregularities produced by expanding ionospheric dust clouds have relevance to remote sensing of ionospheric processes as well as the creation and evolution of natural and artificial dusty plasmas in space. Past experimental observations of the release of expanding dust and electron attaching agents into the ionosphere will be discussed. The emphasis will be placed on consideration of physical processes that lead to the production of plasma irregularities under these conditions and the characterization of these irregularities. Theoretical and numerical simulation models will then be used to study the linear and nonlinear evolution of relevant plasma instabilities thought to play a dominant role in irregularity production. The relevance of these results to past experimental observations and other important applications of dust expansion will be discussed.
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That you can go study more on for yourself but I will give you my short version of the conclusions I've made from all this: Dust Expansion = Utilizing Chemtrail Operations. More on this in the next posting in this blog page below.
I read a report in 2003 that I have no longer been able to find that concerned the "increased expansion of the atmosphere".
QUESTION: Why is it even now stated in children's textbooks that the sun is a white star and NOT a YELLOW SUN that previous generations learned about?
The previous light output of the sun was in the infra-red range but has since accelerated to the ultraviolet end of the spectrum.
This accounts for the massively increased UV output + the deeper (low altitude) ionization of the atmosphere + more energetic increase of lightning in storms due to the increased electrical energy caused by the hyper ionization of the atmosphere + a sudden super cooling effect created by the daylight hyper ionization expansion of the atmosphere causing greatly increased regions of low pressure areas facilitating the formation of colossal land based super storms resembling hurricanes + the hyper ionization and sudden super cooling effect causing the jet stream to dip lower to the earth's surface to produce sudden straight line wind gusts in excess of 100+ mph …. this is where it gets scary… IMAGINE WHAT IT WOULD HAVE BEEN LIKE NOW IF THERE HAD NOT BEEN SOME FORM OF CHEMTRAIL OPERATION ATTEMPTING TO SHIELD THE EARTH ALL THIS TIME SINCE 1995.
GOOGLE and WATCH THESE VIDEOS: Global Dimming And YouTube - The Great Global Warming Swindle - Produced by ...
The Global Dimming video indirectly REVEALS the Chemtrail Operation and how it is effectively preventing the REAL GREENHOUSE EFFECT (EXCESS FORMATION OF WATER VAPOR IN THE ATMOSPHERE!!) from going out of control!!!! The Great Global Warming Swindle Video discredits the Convenient LIE that blames Global warming on CO2.!!!!
The second quarter of 2007 saw a sizable reduction in the use of Chemtrails and in a few short months we all saw the larges melt-off of the arctic ice cap anyone has ever witnessed with the first time with the opening of the northwest passage for shipping. So far this year chemtrails have been sparse and sporadic at best along with the largest number of tornado's in any given year with a preliminary count now (as of Oct 2008) at 2122 beating the ten year average by 852 points!! The finished actual count won't be much lower than 200 points below the preliminary count.
We haven't even arrived at the real bothersome part yet!!!
The below articles are just one more element of a very BIG and growing problem. While everyone is busy playing politics, economics, and world government there is a more real and increasing threat to all life world wide. The facts do exist but the greater evidence of serious trouble that affects everyone with no exception is being hidden, suppressed, lied about, dumbed down, and not even allowed to be discussed. It's all about the air we breath and not in the way you might think.
The circumstances will become terrifying and anyone standing around lying to the contrary is showing a serious stroke of stupidity or dishonesty that is bordering on insane in light of the facts and this is going to get people killed by simply not paying attention!! Only fool's hunt for fool's gold and "the truth ain't for fool's".
Human-created causative factors are now marginal in spite of the lies to the contrary!!!! The Sun's UV Radiation Output is the KEY and is not affected by human interaction though much is being done to shield earth from it!!
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Full Page Here: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-05/uoc--oda050108.php
Public release date: 1-May-2008
Contact: Rob Monroe or Mario Aguilera
scrippsnews@ucsd.edu
858-534-3624
University of California - San Diego
Oxygen depletion: A new form of ocean habitat loss
Scientists confirm computer model predictions that oxygen-depleted zones in tropical oceans are expanding, possibly because of climate change
An international team of physical oceanographers including a researcher from Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego has discovered that oxygen-poor regions of tropical oceans are expanding as the oceans warm, limiting the areas in which predatory fishes and other marine organisms can live or enter in search of food.
The new study is led by Lothar Stramma from the Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences (IFM-GEOMAR) in Kiel, Germany, and is co-authored by Janet Sprintall, a physical oceanographer at Scripps Oceanography and others. The researchers found through analysis of a database of ocean oxygen measurements that levels in tropical oceans at a depth of 300 to 700 meters (985 to 2,300 feet) have declined during the past 50 years. The ecological impacts of this increase could have substantial biological and economical consequences.
"We found the largest reduction in a depth of 300 to 700 meters (985 to 2,300 feet) in the tropical northeast Atlantic, whereas the changes in the eastern Indian Ocean were much less pronounced," said Stramma. "Whether or not these observed changes in oxygen can be attributed to global warming alone is still unresolved. The reduction in oxygen may also be caused by natural processes on shorter time scales."
PHOTO LINK HERE: http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/8007.php?from=113715
Mean dissolved oxygen concentrations in the world's oceans at a depth of 400 meters (1,312 feet) with blue contours representing the lowest concentrations. Boxed areas represent ocean regions analyzed in the study....
Click here for more information.
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Sprintall said the oxygen-poor areas have the potential to move into coastal areas via currents that flow from the mid-depth tropical oceans, where the oxygen changes were observed, and along the west coast of continents.
"The width of the low-oxygen zone is expanding deeper but also shoaling toward the ocean surface," said Sprintall, a specialist in observing changes of fluxes in ocean properties such as heat distribution.
Sprintall contributed data to the study gathered during recent cruises undertaken as part of the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) program, a long-running study operated by the World Climate Research Programme that seeks to understand climate through ocean-atmosphere interactions.
The study, "Expanding Oxygen-Minimum Zones in the Tropical Oceans," appears in the May 2 edition of the journal Science. The research team includes Stramma, Sprintall, NOAA scientist Gregory Johnson, and Volker Mohrholz from the Institute for Baltic Sea Research in Warnemünde, Germany.
The team selected ocean regions for which they could obtain the greatest amount of data to document the decline in oxygen. Some of the more recent data came from oxygen sensors which have been added to about 150 of the profiling floats used in Argo, a worldwide network of sensors that track basic ocean conditions such as temperature and salinity. There are more than 3,000 Argo floats operating in the world's oceans, and Sprintall said the quality of the data gathered by the Argo floats suggests that more units in the network should be outfitted with oxygen sensors.
Lisa Levin, a biological oceanographer at Scripps Oceanography who studies oxygen-minimum zones that intercept the seafloor, said an expansion of oxygen-minimum zones in the oceans could lead to diminished biodiversity and to the expanded distributions of organisms that have adapted to live in hypoxic, or oxygen-poor waters.
"I think it's uncharted territory," said Levin, who was not affiliated with the study. "Thicker oxygen minimum zones could affect nutrient cycling, predator-prey relationships and plankton migrations. Where the expanding oxygen-minimum zones impinge on continental margins, we could see huge ecosystem changes."
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The results of the study are an important milestone for the ongoing work of the new Collaborative Research Centre (SFB 754) "Climate – Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean" funded by the German Research Foundation, which started its first phase in January 2008 in close cooperation with the University of Kiel. The SFB aims to better define the interactions between climate and biogeochemistry on a quantitative basis.
Note to broadcast and cable producers: UC San Diego provides an on-campus satellite uplink facility for live or pre-recorded television interviews. Please phone or e-mail the media contact listed above to arrange an interview.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography: scripps.ucsd.edu
Scripps News: scrippsnews.ucsd.edu
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, at UC San Diego, is one of the oldest, largest and most important centers for global science research and graduate training in the world. The National Research Council has ranked Scripps first in faculty quality among oceanography programs nationwide. Now in its second century of discovery, the scientific scope of the institution has grown to include biological, physical, chemical, geological, geophysical and atmospheric studies of the earth as a system. Hundreds of research programs covering a wide range of scientific areas are under way today in 65 countries. The institution has a staff of about 1,300, and annual expenditures of approximately $155 million from federal, state and private sources. Scripps operates one of the largest U.S. academic fleets with four oceanographic research ships and one research platform for worldwide exploration.
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Well, they are only talking about oxygen depletion in the oceans. Does that mean the air above the ocean is now a non-issue?
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Full Page Here: http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/rmorris/oxy/oxy7.html
Excerpt: (key points highlighted)
OXYSPHERE
ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE
Human populations have grown rapidly relative to the time scales involved in establishing a stable level of atmospheric oxygen. A human presence now has influence over natural biogeochemical cycles. Atmospheric oxygen, for example, is influenced by anthropogenic activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and ozone depletion. Fossil fuel burning directly consumes oxygen, while deforestation limits replenishment and also exposes reduced matter. Ozone depletion reduces marine phytoplankton productivity by letting harmful UV radiation through the atmosphere. As a result of these human-created, or anthropogenic, factors combined with natural fluctuations, a small annual decline in the level of atmospheric oxygen is currently underway.
A TINY AND STEADY DECLINE
The annual depletion of atmospheric oxygen is small compared to the total atmospheric reservoir, but illustrates a direct relationship between human activity and the change in oxygen's biogeochemical cycle.
The annual depletion is a very small 0.00181% of the total volume (or about 3 - 4 ppm out of 209,500 ppm) and the annual fluctuation averages roughly .0107% of the total volume. To help visualize these relative amounts, imagine that the total atmospheric reservoir is equivalent to the volume that would fill a 10 X 12 foot room nearly six feet deep. The annual fluctuation in the volume of oxygen would be equivalent to a little greater than the volume of a 2-liter bottle, and the volume of the annual depletion would roughly be the same as a 12 ounce soda can.
The change in oxygen concentration in the atmosphere is represented by the following figure which depicts the annual fluctuation of oxygen near a high-latitude location in the Northern Hemisphere:
PHOTO LINK: http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/rmorris/oxy/deplet.jpg
The change in atmospheric oxygen concentration at a high latitude, Northern Hemisphere station.
The above illustration offers measurements which show the oxygen concentration fluctuating about 30 ppm throughout the year (relative to nitrogen gas) while the annual depletion of 3 - 4 ppm is superimposed upon the annual cycle. The annual depletion is approximately the same as that predicted from the burning of fossil fuels. It is smaller, however, than what is predicted and it is possible that the slightly higher-than-expected levels of oxygen are due to the sequestration of carbon into a growing biomass. Plants may be increasing their storage of carbon due to an enhanced fertilization by the increasing levels of carbon dioxide, despite rapid deforestation.
Demands upon atmospheric oxygen come from the mining and burning of fossils fuels, deforestation, ozone depletion, the emission of tons of reduced compounds, and numerous other anthropogenic effects that become increasingly important as human population grows and exploits Earth's resources.
HOME, SWEET HOME
Understanding Earth systems behavior of chemical substances is essential to the practical and responsible behavior of a large human population. A complete understanding is unlikely because the real world is simply too complex. It is a rational goal of modern science to identify primary processes that control the biogeochemical cycling of important reactive substances, especially those essential to the web of life.
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That was as of 1995.
What is it like today?!!
Now ten years later…
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Full Page Here: http://cheniwan.sea3000.net/e/oxygendepletion/risk.php
Advisor Chen I-wan ：Must recognize that Atmospheric "oxygen depletion" is an already existing practical harm to mankind, not a future possible risk!
Some readers raise a question: "Is Atmospheric "oxygen depletion" is an already existing practical harm to mankind, or a future possible risk?" To this Advisor Chen I-wan responsibly confirm: "Atmospheric "oxygen depletion" is an already existing practical harm to mankind, not a future possible risk!" The purpose of the author writing this paper is to prove this conclusion concerning all of us with adequate scientific evidence. On Oct. 10, 2005, Mr. Chen I-wan presented the content of this paper at the "2nd National Disaster Historic Academic Symposium" held at the Beijing University of Forestry, and received fervor respond and sympathism from the attendees.
Evidence 10: "Chronic faucitis" is rapidly spreading in many cities in China!
Welcome questions and discussions on the issues presented by the author. Address: Xin Shi Ji Commercial Center Rm.316, No.A2 Bai Jia Zhuang Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China. Email: cheniwan@263.net
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But there's more.
Note the lie added in the first paragraph in parentheses.
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Full Page Here: http://blogcritics.org/archives/2007/12/14/205855.php
Atmospheric Oxygen Levels Fall As Carbon Dioxide Rises
Written by Mike Johnston
Published December 14, 2007
According to a study conducted by scientists from the Scripps Institute there is less oxygen in the atmosphere today than there used to be. The ongoing study, which accumulated and interpreted data from NOAA monitoring stations all over the world, has been running from 1989 to the present. It monitored both the rise of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the decline in oxygen. The conclusion of that 20 year study is that, as carbon dioxide (produced primarily by burning fossil fuels) accumulates in the atmosphere, available oxygen is decreasing.
Carbon dioxide seems to be almost the total focus of attention in the climate change model as it exists today. After reviewing the results of this study and talking with Dr. Ralph Keeling (one of the lead scientists on the study), it seemed to me that the consequences of atmospheric oxygen depletion should be included in any discussion of atmospheric change.
In order to make sure that I was interpreting the data correctly I asked Dr. Keeling to clarify a few points. I asked him if the rise in carbon dioxide levels and the decrease in oxygen levels were proportional to each other in the sense that this would indicate that the decrease in atmospheric oxygen was a direct result of the buildup of carbon dioxide. His response:
It is roughly true that the oxygen depletion is equivalent to a displacement by carbon dioxide. But it is not exactly true. First, some of the carbon dioxide produced has been absorbed by the oceans. This process involves inorganic chemical reactions which have no effect on O2. Second, the O2:C combustion ratio of a fossil-fuel depends on the hydrogen content. The ratio varies from about 1.2 for coal, 1.45 for liquid fuels, and 2.0 for natural gas. Taking these factors together, we are losing nearly three O2 molecules for each CO2 molecule that accumulates in the air.
We are losing three oxygen molecules in our atmosphere for each carbon dioxide molecule that is produced when we burn fossil fuels. Studies of ice cores and recent data from direct atmospheric sampling have shown that there has been a 30% increase in carbon dioxide since the beginning of the industrial age. With that in mind I asked Dr. Keeling how much oxygen has been depleted from the atmosphere in that same time frame. He responded that, "A reasonable estimate for how much O2 has been lost since the beginning of the industrial revolution can be based on the estimated loss due to fossil-fuel emissions, which can be calculated from records of the amount of each fuel type burnt and its combustion ratio. Such records are not readily available online, but I have figures handy:
Total loss since start of industrial revolution
- O2 depletion from fossil-fuel burning through 2004: 35.2 Pmol
- CO2 depletion from fossil-fuel burning through 2004: 26.3 Pmol
Estimated O2 content of preindustrial atmosphere: 37050 Pmol
1 Pmol = 10^15 mol
"So the total estimated industrial O2 depletion on Jan 1, 2005 would have been (35.3)/(37050)x100 = 0.095% of the preindustrial amount."
"For the past 15 years, we have direct measurements of the decrease. But the observations before 1990 aren't good enough to draw inferences. Hence the estimate based on industrial emissions is about the best we can come up with."
Think about that. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution we have removed .095% of the oxygen in our atmosphere. True, that is only a tenth of one percent of the total supply, but oxygen makes up only 20% of the atmosphere. I looked up safety rules regarding oxygen concentrations and according to OSHA rules on atmospheres in closed environments, "if the oxygen level in such an environment falls below 19.5% it is oxygen deficient, putting occupants of the confined space at risk of losing consciousness and death." What happens if the world's atmospheric levels of oxygen fall to 19.5% or lower? Are we all going to have to carry little blue oxygen tanks with us to survive? Not a pleasant possibility.
Plants and certain bacteria take in carbon dioxide, combine it with water to form glucose and produce oxygen as a byproduct in the photosynthesis reaction. The current increase in carbon dioxide levels in our atmosphere indicates that this cycle is no longer in balance. It shows that we have reached the point where the biosphere of the planet can no longer process all of the carbon dioxide that we are producing.
When hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline are burned in air, gasoline (C8H18) and oxygen (O2) join in an explosive reaction. This reaction releases the energy which we use to propel our vehicles. The two main products of this chemical reaction are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). The chemical reaction for the combustion of gasoline (chemical name: isooctane) looks like this:
C8H18 + 12.5 O2 --> 8 CO2 + 9 H2O
This mix of CO2 and H2O vapor are the primary gases which come out of your tailpipe. Interestingly, these two byproducts are also the two things which plants need to take in to produce glucose and release oxygen. As long as the environment is in balance no excess carbon dioxide or water vapor will build up. If the environment cannot absorb the amount of these two gases that we produce on the other hand they would remain in the environment as a measurable surplus. I wondered if this water that was being created by burning hydrocarbons could be contributing to the rise in the planets oceans in a meaningful way.
I asked Dr. Keeling for his opinion on this possibility. He said, "I agree qualitatively with your arguments. Some time ago I also calculated the sea- level rise that would be caused by the water generated as a bi-product of fossil-fuel burning. I got quite a small number. I can make a similar calculation here:
O2 lost into forming water: 35.2 - 26.3 = 8.9 Pmol.
Amount of H2O formed: 8.9x2 = 17.8 Pmol
Volume occupied by water formed:
(17.8x10(15) mol)(18g/mol)/(1000000g/m3) = 3.2x10(11) m3.
Resulting sea-level rise (taking ocean area of 3.6x10(14)m2):
3.2x10(11)/3.6x10(14) = 9x10(-4) m
So the effect is only ~1 millimeter since the industrial revolution. This is small compared to the other factors that have contributed to sea level rise over this period."
In conclusion, it seems that the depletion of atmospheric oxygen will continue until such time as we stop burning hydrocarbons faster than the environment can absorb the byproducts of the reaction and replenish the oxygen. The only solution to this problem is to determine beyond the shadow of a doubt just how much carbon dioxide that our atmosphere and environment in general can absorb and process back into oxygen and then limit our burning of carbon containing fuels so that we stay within that "safe zone" and using non carbon based energy sources to make up for what we can no longer produce via fossil fuels.
The problem with this solution is that, in order to keep our economy cooking along, we need to produce and consume ever increasing amounts of energy and so we can't stop using fossil fuels, including coal, without a lot of economic pain because there currently are no alternatives in place to pick up the slack. The sequestration of carbon dioxide by pumping it under the ground would only dispose of the carbon dioxide with unknown consequences, but would do nothing to stop the depletion of oxygen from the atmosphere. Dr. Keeling agreed that carbon sequestration would do nothing to stop oxygen depletion but reassured me that "... the O2 loss is too small to be much of a concern."
We currently make estimates of how many years we have left before excess carbon dioxide becomes a bigger problem than it already is but we aren't really sure of their accuracy. However, to the best of my knowledge, we don't have estimates of how long it might be, if oxygen continues to be depleted at its current rate, until it might become a problem. After all, while most of us may be willing to wait out the effects of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for a time just to see if we really do get warmer weather and more abundant crops out of the deal; how may of us want to wait and see how little oxygen we can survive on?
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What happens if the world's atmospheric levels of oxygen fall to 19.5% or lower?
Question Answered!
NOW FOR THE PHYSICS BEHIND IT: This BELOW considers an oxygen deficiency AT 18% with risks being 17% and under!!
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FULL PAGE HERE: http://www.phy.anl.gov/division/esh/Cryogenic/Appendix%203/Appendix%203.htm
EXCERPTS:
Physics Division -
Cryogenic Safety Manual
PDF COPY HERE: http://www.phy.anl.gov/division/esh/Cryogenic/Physics%20Division%20Cryogenic%20Safety%20Manual.pdf
APPENDIX 3 Oxygen Deficiency Hazards (ODH)
(Taken largely from CEBAF Cryogenic Safety Manual)
Definitions
Oxygen Deficiency – the condition of the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen being less that 135 mmHg [0.1776316 atmosphere of pressure (760 mmHg = 1 atmosphere)] (about 18% by volume at a barometric pressure of 740 mmHg at ANL). [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists]
Procedures
1. A quantitative assessment of the increased risk of fatality from (potential) exposure to reduced atmospheric oxygen shall be conducted for all operations which are physically capable of exposing individuals to an oxygen deficiency. This assessment shall specify the Oxygen Deficiency Hazard Class as well as any unusual precautionary requirements.
2. Precautionary measures shall be implemented according to the ODH Class unless otherwise stated in the risk assessment. ODH Class 0 is the least hazardous and requires no special precautions. ODH Class 4 is the most hazardous and requires the greatest precautions.
Effects of Exposure to Reduced Atmospheric Oxygen
Air normally contains about 21%1 oxygen with the remainder consisting mostly of nitrogen. Individuals exposed to reduced-oxygen atmospheres may suffer a variety of harmless effects. Table I contains a list of some of these effects and the sea level oxygen concentrations at which they occur. At higher altitudes the same effects generally occur at greater volume concentrations since the partial pressure of oxygen is less. If exposure to reduced oxygen is terminated early enough, effects are generally reversible. If not, permanent central nervous system damage or lethality result. Major effects hindering escape from the vicinity of an oxygen deficiency are disorientation and unconsciousness.
In general, the intensities of the effects increase rapidly with falling oxygen concentration and longer exposure duration: reduced abilities, then unconsciousness, then death. It can be concluded that any exposure to an atmosphere containing less than 17% oxygen presents a risk.
1Although this section is written in terms of %O2 at sea level, the preferred index of hazard is partial pressure of O2. Percent O2 is used here to maintain consistency with the "readouts" on oxygen monitors.
TABLE I.
Effect Thresholds for Exposure to Reduced Oxygen
(Healthy Individuals at Sea Level)
| Volume % Oxygen | Effect |
|
|
|
| 17 | Night vision reduced |
| Increased breathing volume | |
| Accelerated heartbeat | |
|
| |
| 16 | Dizziness |
| Reaction time for novel tasks doubled | |
|
| |
| 15 | Impaired attention |
| Impaired judgment | |
| Impaired coordination | |
| Intermittent breathing | |
| Rapid fatigue | |
| Loss of muscle control | |
|
| |
| 12 | Very faulty judgment |
| Very poor muscular coordination | |
| Loss of consciousness | |
| Permanent brain damage | |
|
| |
| 10 | Inability to move |
| Nausea | |
| Vomiting | |
|
| |
| 6 | Spasmatic breathing |
| Convulsive movements | |
| Death in 5-8 minutes | |
